Walter Ong’s
Orality and Literacy resonated with me in a particularly personal way. The excerpt we read made me think of my experience in West Africa in a whole new light. I spent my junior year abroad in Senegal, living with a family, studying the local language and culture, and attending the University of Dakar. Before that, I’d spent years studying the literature and film of the region.
I knew it was a heavily oral culture. I’ve read two transcribed versions, quite different in style and detail, of the Epic of Soundiata. While I was there, I saw traditional oral historians, griots, sing and dance at a wedding, a First Communion, a dance recital in a concert hall, and a small-town exorcism. I was at home when the groom’s family came to sing, offer gifts, and demand my host sister, the bride, in marriage.
I experienced all these things firsthand. But Ong shed new light for me on the psychology of highly oral people. Almost eight years after leaving the country, I found myself thinking of it in a new way.
Orality is still precious in a comparatively literate place like Senegal. A common heroic theme in the literature is a young boy going to Islamic school, learning the Koran by heart, then proving his mettle by reciting it from start to finish. Koran literally means recitation — like the Bible (as discussed in Ong), the Koran is meant to be studied and passed on orally.
The University of Dakar, one of the most highly respected educational institutions in West Africa, educates its students using the dictation method. That means students only get as much information as the average one can transcribe in a one-hour class session. Teachers get free reign and are never challenged — because your grade depends on your ability to reproduce the words of the teacher. Homework was never assigned and outside reading was not obligatory — partially owing to the fact that one or two copies of the textbook were available in the library, and couldn’t be purchased or photocopied.
Senegalese culture is very communal. Personal space and time do not exist. I was given the example of an assistant who walks past a closed door where several important officials are having a meeting. It’s rude for him to walk by without saying hello — opening the door to greet everyone would be seen as the proper thing, not as an intrusion or interruption.
A five-minute walk in New York could take an hour in Dakar, as a result of all the people you are obligated to greet along the way!
Most Senegalese speak two languages at the very least. They grow up speaking Wolof, Pulaar, Saar, and/or Diola at home. For many years, their mother tongue is a purely oral language. School children become literate at the same time that they learn French. The colonial language is the language of education, of government, of everything official.
The French and the Arabic alphabets are applied to transliterate the many languages of the region. Although people do read newspapers in African languages, they’re not perceived as a language for literature like French is. Furthermore, most people — literate or illiterate — prefer to get their news on the radio.