Urls of Interest:
COMPOSITION:
- Composition Guidelines
- Guide the eye (lighting - composition - editing and cutaways)
- Static and dynamic (still image v. moving over time)
- Objective (i.e. movement with purpose in case of pan: beginning, middle, end) - what is the point of this shot? what is the central information to give? what is the most important frame of the shot?
- Speed (internal measure/counter - issues when too slow or too fast)
- Composing your elements - do not rely on found environments - stage your elements - create your composition : for aesthetic purposes - for technical purposes (i.e. white shirts) - for meaning (give information or meaningful information through the composition)
- What is the most important element and build composition around that
- Avoid: centered composition - splitting the screen in halves or twos - use rule of thirds (i.e. in interview placement of head in frame for interview and negative space in the background)
- The rule of thirds
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- Balance: tonal balance - mass or weight balance
- Tricks - selective focus and lighting
- Perspective and lines (creates dynamic compositions)
- Use color to differentiate subject matter
- avoid merging (plant out of the back of one's head)
- Exposure/Focus/Color Balance: while not issues of content are technical considerations which will take away from your content if done poorly)
- importance of manual focus v. auto focus (ex. of subject moving in and out throw focus out momentarily)
- focus of subject re: depth of field
- focus of subject re: exposure
- exposure re: video color
- overexposure re: lens shades and backlight feature
- White balance and color balance (setting white card to avoid blue or red skin tones)
- Black balance (only available in professional cameras)
- Color balance multiple cameras for multi-camera shoot
- when to oversaturate (reality v. "healthy")
- (reminder to check viewfinder and LCD viewer settings)
- camera mounts/tripods: when to use tripod and when to use handheld - steadicams
- title safe/action safe areas (standard NTSC 4x3 v. HDTV 16x9)
VIDEO COLOR:
- Video color: subtractive color (CMYK) v. additive color (RGB w/ secondary colors CMY)
- The electromagnetic spectrum - wave aspects of light - The human eye is sensitive to only a narrow region of the spectrum spanning roughly an octave in a frequency that we call light. The visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is 400 to 700 nanometers
| below 200 - 400nm: |
Ultraviolet |
| 400-450 nm: |
Violet |
| 450-500 nm: |
Blue |
| 500-590 nm: |
Green -> Yellow |
| 590-700 nm: |
Orange -> Red |
| 700-800 nm: |
Infrared |
- Waveform monitors
- measure luminance - reads from -30 to +120 in IRE units (inst.radio.engineers.) optimal settings: 7.5 black 100 white)
- problems arise with both over and under exposure (i.e. qualitative loss: video noise, compressed blacks, distortion)(
- warning: a white background or white shirt can cause these kinds of problems
- Vectorscopes (measures chroma information)
SOUND:
- Internal v. external micorphone
- 16 bit 48 khz v. 32 khz (2 v. 4 channel)
- Monitoring sound w/ headphones (check display settings)
- Microphones:
- Omni v. Uni directional
- Handheld v. lavalier / Wireless and RF Interference
- Positioning microphone
- Microphone Connectors:
- Positioning of cables (i.e. power sources, flourescent lights)
- Phase cancellation (multiple monitors picking up the same source)
- Mixing Boards
- Stereo mixing down in editing (working with headphones v. monitor speaker)
LIGHTING
- Light coherence or quality:
- Hard light (noon on sunny day or an unfrosted lightbulb casting hard shadows) v.
- Soft or diffused light
- Role of Reflectors: umbrellas, foamcore (i.e. under face to relieve shadows)
- Wooden clothespins
- Color temperature
- although light ranges from infrared to ultraviolent two basic color standards: incandescent lamps (3200 kelvin degrees) and average daylight (5400 K)
- daylight temperature/color changes during the day (more blue due to atmospheric reflection at high noon, more red at sunrise/sunset)
- mixing light sources/color temperature and gels
- light sources to avoid: flourescent (greenish hue - unless newer color-balanced variety)
- Light Intensity
- measured in lux - professional situations have light meters and color temperature meters
- how we can control:
- distance from subject
- dimmers and scrims
- focusing and barn doors
- Multiple light setups: (1, 2/Rembrandt, 3 and 4)
- Key light
- Fill Light
- Back light
- Background light