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Topic 2 Bibliography

Abdullahi, Thoraya. “What Do Emojis Mean? How Millennials and Gen-Z Use Them Very Differently.” The National, https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/what-do-emojis-mean-how-millennials-and-gen-z-use-them-very-differently-1.1183746.

Aggarwal, Mayank. “Twitter Launches Emoji to Unite Protests across Myanmar, Thailand and Hong Kong.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 8 Apr. 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/southeast-asia/milk-tea-alliance-emoji-twitter-b1828336.html.

Bai, Qiyu, et al. “A Systematic Review of Emoji: Current Research and Future Perspectives.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 1 Jan. 1AD, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02221/full.

Edwards, Vanessa Van. “45 Emojis You Should Know and Their (Hidden) Meanings.” Science of People, 27 June 2022, https://www.scienceofpeople.com/emojis/.

Gallagher, Sophie. “How Aubergines and Crying Faces Connected Us All Online.” The Independent, Independent Digital News and Media, 22 July 2021, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/world-emoji-day-2021-history-b1885788.html.

Hutchison, Taylor. “Only 31 New Emojis Will Be Introduced This Year as Approvals Slow to a Trickle.” NPR, NPR, 27 July 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/07/27/1113516296/new-emoji-approved-heart-shook-face-animals.

Lowell, Alizah K. “Why Do We Use Emojis?” Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/contemporary-psychoanalysis-in-action/201605/why-do-we-use-emojis.

O’Gieblyn, Meghan. “Am I Wrong to Judge People for Talking to Me in Emoji?” Wired, Conde Nast, 9 Sept. 2022, https://www.wired.com/story/am-i-wrong-to-judge-talking-in-emoji/.

Rogers, Reece. “How to Officially Submit Your Emoji Idea.” Wired, Conde Nast, 26 Apr. 2022, https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-submit-emoji-idea/.

😃 Smileys & People.” 😃 Smileys & People Emoji Meanings, https://emojipedia.org/people/.

Topic 2 Final: AI Art Gallery

Project background:

If you’ve been on social media throughout the last few months, chances are you’ve seen a plethora of artwork, written content, memes and more – created not by a human, but by an AI. Whilst software and new machine-learning AI systems such as DALL-E 2 and Midjourney have recently become the latest creative craze online, there has been little discussion as to the legal questions surrounding AI-generated content. It may seem a bit surreal or dystopian for some, but there is now a whole new universe of questions to be raised regarding intellectual property and AI.

As much machine-learning software utilises a database of images collated from other artists, is it stealing, copying, or inspiration if you utilize someone else’s artwork and artificial intelligence to create your own? The largest issue still is: Who owns AI-generated art once it has been produced? Artificial intelligence (AI) has long produced art. But this year’s technologies, such DALL-E 2, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion, have allowed even the most inexperienced artists to produce intricate, abstract, or lifelike pieces by merely entering a few words into a text box.

Project intention;

Create a simple AI-Generated art gallery website to invite people who haven’t used AI-generated art before in order to raise people’s awareness of AI copyright thinking.

System map:

Feedback loop:

Prototypes:

Preview: 

Cover section

Gallery section

How to section(three tools to introduce)

Upload section(If users try to upload “your” AI-Generated artwork, you will see the copyright at the bottom of the popup window, but who owns this art piece is randomly generated by the computer algorithm.)

 

About section(Critical thinking)

User test and feedback:

  • The Popup window sometimes not working when clicked multiple times.
  • Less text.
  • Images couldn’t upload to the database.
  • How to section and second menu button not clear.

Bibliography:

  1. Steven Vargas, How AI-generated art is changing the concept of art itself, https://www.latimes.com/projects/artificial-intelligence-generated-art-ownership-bias-dall-e-midjourney/
  2. Copyright review board, https://www.copyright.gov/rulings-filings/review-board/docs/a-recent-entrance-to-paradise.pdf
  3. Luke Plunkett, August 2022, AI Creating ‘Art’ Is An Ethical And Copyright Nightmare, https://kotaku.com/ai-art-dall-e-midjourney-stable-diffusion-copyright-1849388060
  4. Charlie Warzel, August 2022, I Went Viral in the Bad Way, https://newsletters.theatlantic.com/galaxy-brain/62fc502abcbd490021afea1e/twitter-viral-outrage-ai-art/
  5. Arthur Roberts, October 2022, Who owns the copyright in AI-generated art?, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=fd1e9201-c746-42b4-b3c2-348dfe7ea31d
  6. James Morales, February 2021, From Poetical Science to GANism: A Selective History of the Art in Artificial Intelligence, https://www.electricartefacts.art/news/from-poetical-science-to-ganism-a-selective-history-of-the-art-in-artificial-intelligence

  7. LBB Editorial, September 2022, Who Owns AI-Generated Art? https://www.lbbonline.com/news/who-owns-ai-generated-art

Final for Topic 2

Here are the links for all of the aspects of my final project!

//Matrices

//Interviews

//User Tests

//Daily Practice: First Post | Second Post

//Janky Prototypes

//Systems Maps and Analysis

//Slides

//Site

 

//Bibliography:

6, Renee Cho |June, et al. “The Fracking Facts.” State of the Planet, 29 July 2014, https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2014/06/06/the-fracking-facts/.

Amy Mall Bemnet Alemayehu, et al. “Reduce Fracking Health Hazards.” NRDC, 21 July 2021, https://www.nrdc.org/issues/reduce-fracking-health-hazards.

April 19, 2019 Melissa Denchak. “Fracking 101.” NRDC, 13 Apr. 2022, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/fracking-101.

Lohan, Tara. “We’re Just Starting to Learn How Fracking Harms Wildlife .” The Revelator, 16 July 2020, https://therevelator.org/fracking-wildlife/.

“Potential Health and Environmental Effects of Hydrofracking in the Williston Basin, Montana.” Case Studies, 15 Feb. 2019, https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/health/case_studies/hydrofracking_w.html.

“Sign the Petition.” Change.org, https://www.change.org/p/ban-fracking-before-it-s-too-late.

Interviews for Topic 2

I interviewed Richard, an expert in the field of fracking and a professor of environmental law. 

Question 1:

Why do companies engage in fracking?

Answer 1:

Essentially it’s all about profit. Natural gas is a very profitable resource. Big natural gas companies can afford to go to relatively poor communities, buy cheap land at a slight premium, and turn a huge profit.

 

Question 2:

What are the key issues when it comes to fracking?

Answer 2:

Well there are several. First and foremost is water usage. Fracking uses incredible amounts of water. In areas like Texas, where water is more scarce, it puts a strain on the whole water system. Hundreds of millions of dollars are being put towards researching the issue of water in Texas and fracking and oil drilling account for almost half of the water usage that research is attempting to solve. Second is leaks. Leaking methane is horrible for the environment and is a major contributor to global climate change. There are others as well like ground water pollution, emissions due to transportation, habitat loss from development and infrastructure. The list really goes on.

 

Question 3:

Why did we start fracking to begin with?

Answer 3:

Putting profit aside, natural gas was original seen as a potential bridge fuel between non-renewable and renewable energy. It burns relatively cleanly with minimal emissions. The main issue is that these pockets of natural gas, shales, are hidden deep underground in rock formations. You essentially need to blast them apart to even get to the gas. Fracking was the most effective method, but it comes at an unsustainable cost to both the local and global environments. 

 

Question 4:

Do you think a ban on fracking would ever be possible?

Answer 4:

I think the transition away from fossil fuels is inevitable, but in the short term? Not likely. There’s too much money in the oil and gas industry and millions of people rely on jobs in those industries. 

User Tests for Topic 2

I had a few friends user-test my site. There initial insights were:

-The postcard doesn’t look good/bad color choice

-The site layout was confusing

-Not enough information or reason to care

-No hook for the site

I adjusted the postcards and made changes to the site layout to address some of those issues. Their second round of feedback was:

-Postcard is much better! Need more

-Layout is better but could still use work on colors, font, and feeling

-Still needs more information about fracking 

I added a landing page style popup to try to address their feedback, add a hook, and supply more information. I still think more information links are needed to complete the site, but don’t have enough time at the moment to add them.

Topic 2 Interview

I interviewed my colleague, Aneesha Desai, who is a climate activist and engineer.

Q: Can you give us a quick description about who you are and the work you do?

A: I’m Aneesha, and currently I work on a team at Google that does research on climate change. We analyzes data to see where products source their materials from, and help companies to use the data to figure out how to reduce their carbon footprint. I also created an app called Planet Possible, which educates people on climate change and encourages them to take action.

Q: Can you tell us how you initially became interested in working on climate change?

A: A few years ago, I initially became conscious of my non-environment friendly habits, and started to try and offset my carbon footprint by changing my daily habits, like becoming vegan. It wasn’t until the wildfires in Australia in 2020 which made me realize that I wanted to make a bigger impact and decided to join my team at Google.

Q: What are your thoughts on the general public and their idea of climate change?

A: Typically, I see people react in three different ways. The first group are hardcore climate activists, and are very passionate and knowledgable about climate change. The second group are climate change deniers, who don’t believe climate change will impact their lives. And lastly and more commonly, I see people who are aware of climate change, but don’t know where to start making an impact. We found that about 85% of the people make up the last group. Many people care about the problem and want to take action, but lack knowledge about the topic and can’t find ways to participate in the cause. This is what led me to build my app Planet Possible, which educates people on all the industries that contribute to climate change, and gives them ways to reach out to key people to enact change.

Q: What do you think is the most effective way to motivate people to change?

A: Through building Plant Possible, we’ve found that people are most inclined to participate in a rewards-based system, where they are given rewards for their actions. We found that just providing facts and statistics on your carbon footprint does not enact change, and people need more to be motivated to change. This is why we’re pivoting the Planet Possible app to a more rewards-based platform, where people attain points when they offset their carbon footprint.

Topic 2 User Tests

User Testing 1 video

User Testing 2 video

User Testing 3 video 

The main thing I learned from the user testing was that there was a need to show people how to unsubscribe from their unwanted junk mail, so I added the tutorial after connecting the planter to guide users on how unsubscribe from a typical marketing email. Another thing I learned was that users were most likely not going to read the text on the app, so I minimized the amount of text there was on each screen. And lastly, there was feedback on equating the statistics to something relatable, for instance, comparing the amount of CO2 emitted from your inbox to miles while driving, so that people can get a better idea of their carbon footprint.

Topic 2 Final

Project

The Phytometer is a product that you can put on your desk that helps to maintain your inbox and offset your carbon footprint. The Phytometer Planter connected to your inbox, and when you receive junk mail, the UV light that keeps the plant alive is turned off. The only way to turn the light back on is to unsubscribe from the newsletters that are flooding your inbox. The main intention of the project is to encourage people to unsubscribe to the unwanted emails in their inbox. It isn’t enough to just delete them, we should unsubscribe from the lists to make sure they’re never sent. It is intended to be ironic and sarcastic, since corporations should not being sending so many email regularly. It is also looking at corporations critically who put the onus on individuals for the cause of climate change, when the biggest carbon footprint are caused by large corporations and out of our control.

Link to the Figma prototype

I-A-E

Ideas

  • Climate change is bad
  • Everyone should try to reduce their carbon footprint

Arrangements

  • Hard arrangement: people are required to use their computers/email for work and life
  • Soft arrangement: businesses target customers using a “free” and quick tool — email

Effects

  • People think sending emails are free of physical repercussions
  • People receive lots of emails a day that they ignore
  • People are unaware of the things done behind-the-scenes to send/receive email

Systems Maps

These systems maps are to look at the types of emails sent to our inboxes, and determining what are essential and what are not. This was the basis of the project, which helped me to determine that marketing emails are the most prominent type of email in my inbox, and the ones I ignore the most.

Janky Prototypes

Interview

I interviewed my colleague, Aneesha Desai, who is a climate activist and engineer.

Q: Can you give us a quick description about who you are and the work you do?

A: I’m Aneesha, and currently I work on a team at Google that does research on climate change. We analyzes data to see where products source their materials from, and help companies to use the data to figure out how to reduce their carbon footprint. I also created an app called Planet Possible, which educates people on climate change and encourages them to take action.

Q: Can you tell us how you initially became interested in working on climate change?

A: A few years ago, I initially became conscious of my non-environment friendly habits, and started to try and offset my carbon footprint by changing my daily habits, like becoming vegan. It wasn’t until the wildfires in Australia in 2020 which made me realize that I wanted to make a bigger impact and decided to join my team at Google.

Q: What are your thoughts on the general public and their idea of climate change?

A: Typically, I see people react in three different ways. The first group are hardcore climate activists, and are very passionate and knowledgable about climate change. The second group are climate change deniers, who don’t believe climate change will impact their lives. And lastly and more commonly, I see people who are aware of climate change, but don’t know where to start making an impact. We found that about 85% of the people make up the last group. Many people care about the problem and want to take action, but lack knowledge about the topic and can’t find ways to participate in the cause. This is what led me to build my app Planet Possible, which educates people on all the industries that contribute to climate change, and gives them ways to reach out to key people to enact change.

Q: What do you think is the most effective way to motivate people to change?

A: Through building Plant Possible, we’ve found that people are most inclined to participate in a rewards-based system, where they are given rewards for their actions. We found that just providing facts and statistics on your carbon footprint does not enact change, and people need more to be motivated to change. This is why we’re pivoting the Planet Possible app to a more rewards-based platform, where people attain points when they offset their carbon footprint.

UX Docs

The storyboard of the intended flow the Phytometer product.

The user flow diagram of the Phytometer app.

 

A user journey diagram for the intended audience.

User Testing

User Testing 1 video

User Testing 2 video

User Testing 3 video 

The main thing I learned from the user testing was that there was a need to show people how to unsubscribe from their unwanted junk mail, so I added the tutorial after connecting the planter to guide users on how unsubscribe from a typical marketing email. Another thing I learned was that users were most likely not going to read the text on the app, so I minimized the amount of text there was on each screen. And lastly, there was feedback on equating the statistics to something relatable, for instance, comparing the amount of CO2 emitted from your inbox to miles while driving, so that people can get a better idea of their carbon footprint.

Rubric/Goal Assessing

Totally fulfilled: My project becomes real, and helps many people reduce their junk mail. 

Somewhat fulfilled: People remember the presentation when looking at their inbox and are more conscious about what emails are sent to them.

Not fulfilled at all: My intended audience do not believe their inbox makes an impact on climate change.

How might you measure the success of your fully realized project? 

I would measure the success of my fully realized project by comparing inbox sizes before and after using the product over a long period of time. 

What are some “key performance indicators”? Indulge your wildest dreams!

In 2 years, corporations are banned from automatically subscribing users to newsletters. They are also required to make the process to unsubscribe more obvious.

Bibliography

Armstrong, Martin, and Felix Richter. “Infographic: The Carbon Footprint of ‘Thank You’ Emails.” Statista Infographics, 4 Dec. 2019, https://www.statista.com/chart/20189/the-carbon-footprint-of-thank-you-emails/.

Dirty Messages: The Unseen Carbon Footprint of Communication. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358277360_DIRTY_MESSAGES_The_Unseen_Carbon_Footprint_of_Communication.

“’Think before You Thank’.” ‘Think Before You Thank’ | OVO Energy, https://www.ovoenergy.com/ovo-newsroom/press-releases/2019/november/think-before-you-thank-if-every-brit-sent-one-less-thank-you-email-a-day-we-would-save-16433-tonnes-of-carbon-a-year-the-same-as-81152-flights-to-madrid.

“Why Your Internet Habits Are Not as Clean as You Think.” BBC Future, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200305-why-your-internet-habits-are-not-as-clean-as-you-think.

S. D. U. Mageswari, P. Suganthi and M. Meena, “Carbon Footprint of Information and Communication Technologies,” 2022 International Conference on Edge Computing and Applications (ICECAA), 2022, pp. 338-342, doi: 10.1109/ICECAA55415.2022.9936485.

Topic 2 Final Reflection

What did you learn?

I  learned how both research and experimentation could help me develop the project, especially for daily practice. Also, the research process is something I’ve got a deep understanding of. In the beginning, I was still confused about what a critical lens is. For now, I know that it can be a point that I want to audience to see through and see what I see.

What feedback did you receive? Any reflections on the critique itself?

The user’s main experience is not clear, and the instruction is too much. Interestingly, I believe that part of the reason I got this feedback is that due to the time limitation, I didn’t show what my project was well. I agree that the project might need some simplification or a more readable instruction to reduce the study cost. Besides this, the project has a clear experience for my target audience.  However, as a physical project designed for Mandarin speakers, I face difficulties presenting online to non-Mandarin speakers.

What might you do differently in terms of process or content?

I would set my audiences differently and include my classmates. I would struggle less to balance the content and focus more on the project. Also, I can get more feedback during discussions.

What was inspiring? What parts?

As I mentioned above, daily practice and janky prototypes are super inspiring.  They pushed me to try different directions and forms and bring out other possibilities under the same topic.

How did you balance research and experimentation? Which is easier for you? How can you focus more on the areas that you shy away from

Research is easy to start but hard to get helpful information when narrowing it down. Experimentation is hard to find a beginning point, but once I begin to test something, it always gives me a surprise. I would say the experiment is more straightforward for me, and I need more practice in research. I believe doing some long-term projects with deep research required can help me improve my research skill.