Possible Points:

(Read through the “Salt” article from Wikipedia to get basic ideas around “borders”.)

• essential for life
• food seasoning
• salting – food preservation
• civilization
  • the first city in Europe was a salt mine
  • around 6000BC, saltworks in Rome & China
  • different food resources of nomads and agriculturalists lead to different needs for salt
• an important article of trade
  • salt roads
  • barter
    • the obsidian trade in Anatolia in the Neolithic Era
    • about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the Phoenicians in return for Lebanon cedar, glass, and the dye Tyrian purple
    • the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salted fish and salt from North Africa throughout their Mediterranean trade empire.
  • in Africa, as currency
• cities along the river Salzach related to salt
• wars & tax
  • Venice won a war with Genoa (? & relations with the American Revolution
  • Cities on overland trade routes levied duties
  • governments imposed salt taxes on people
    • The voyages of Christopher Columbus – were financed by salt production in southern Spain
    • the oppressive salt tax – the causes of the French Revolution
    • tax, pay for Napoleon’s foreign wars
    • Salt March in India
• Religion

Upsides:

• food seasoning & food preservation
• promote civilization
• promote business
• cities related to salt flourished
• government got tax

Downsides:

• cause wars
• salt tax increases the burden on the people

Cultural differences:

(Mainly related to religion… Or I can focus on the differences between salt in Chinese and other cultural histories

People’s lives are often inseparable from cosmetics. As a decorative material that directly touches the skin, it has both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages
First of all, the modification of the skin cannot be denied. Cosmetics can increase self-confidence and cover up health flaws to make people look healthier. For certain jobs, cosmetics can also play a role in disguising.

Shortcomings
However, the damage of cosmetics to the skin also exists objectively.
Liquid foundations can make the pores of the face airtight. While the eyeliner may irritate the eye. Besides, heavy metal elements such as lead and mercury in lipstick will lead to a fiasco in the long-term use of lip color, which further aggravates the dependence on lipstick and falls into a vicious circle.

Questions

Cosmetics have severe problems in the production chain. The glitter used in the eyeshadow is made from mica flakes. Many of these mica is mined by child labor in India. 60% of the high-quality mica used in the cosmetic industry comes from India. There are now about 22,000 child laborers in such mica mines in India. The particles that children constantly inhale can lead to respiratory diseases such as asthma, silicosis, and tuberculosis. Even more frightening is that these mines may collapse without warning and children will be buried underneath.

Research areas I am interested in, which may not be relevant to my topic
Example: https://www.vice.com/en/article/3dpxmk/electronic-skin-future

Topic: Skin as material, medium, and metaphor as manifest in contemporary art practice
Touch is a general term for mechanical stimuli such as touch, sliding, and pressure. The tactile devices of most animals are all over the body, like human skin, which is located on the surface of the human body and spreads all over the body. There are many kinds of tactile devices, some feel hot and cold, some feel itchy, and some feel smooth or rough, different. Different parts of the skin feel different to different things because the number and types of different receptors are different. The human face, lips, fingers, and other parts have many kinds of receptors, so the feeling of these parts is very sensitive.
The perception of human skin is qualitative but not quantitative. The tactile sensor can imitate human skin, and what is even more amazing is that it can also express the feelings of temperature, humidity, force, and other feelings in a quantitative way, and even help the disabled to obtain the lost perception ability. For example, a new type of hairy electronic skin can enable robots to quickly distinguish slight air fluctuations caused by breathing or weak heartbeat vibrations. The sensor is even more sensitive than human skin and could be widely used in prosthetics, heart rate monitors, and robotics.

I hope to use this technology to design a lizard that can experience the emotions of the audience and express them through the state of the electronic skin, so as to complete the emotional interaction with the audience.

Diving into the world of colonial organisms, one is hit with a myriad of scientific jargon straightaway: zooid, bryozoans, siphonophores, polymorphism and the list goes on and on! But what are they?

Colonial organisms (i.e. colonial animals, colonial-forming animals,  superorganisms) are animals that are made up of many individual organisms, of the same species, that are attached together to form a colony. The individual organisms are called zooids, and they are not able to live on their own, outside of the colony structure. The rely each other for survival.

There are some species where all of the zooids within the organism are identical clones of each other. There are other species where each zooids fulfills a different need for the organism as a whole: each category of zooid works together to make sure that the organism is protected, fed, is able to navigate, etc. Siphonophores, one type of colonial organism, have zooids that have evolved to catch food, other zooids work to protect the organism, and others still handle navigation and swimming so that the organism can move around. This idea of a species having different types or forms is referred to as polymorphism.

I found this paradigm particularly linked to the excerpts from adrienne maree brown’s Emergent Strategy. Several times brown brings up biomimicry, which is the “imitation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems.” She even uses the example of ant societies as one of the principles of emergent strategy where individuals act collectively to survive. While ants don’t fit the definition that of colonial organisms, in that they aren’t attached, they are certainly organisms that live in a colony and act for mutual benefit of their society.

As mentioned above, some colonial organism zooids produce identical clones of themselves. Corals, bryozoans and other species however create offspring which are genetically similar but not identical. These offspring are recognized by the parent colony as “kin cells” as Lara Beckmann notes in The Fascinating Lives of Colonial Animals. “Only cells with sufficient genetic similarity are accepted – others are not welcomed and will be rejected.” By evolving to combine with other colonies, instead of just reproducing identical zooids, these colonial organism species increase their genetic diversity. This may be why these colonies “grow faster, are more resilient against environmental threats, and that competition with less closely related neighbours is reduced”.

As I continue to explore colonial organisms within the context of kinship, I wonder if kinship that we see in human relationships is another early form of biomimicry, or is it another example of an evolutionary habit that the human species has adopted.

Landfills are basically places where trash or other forms of disposable waste are gathered and buried as a means of storing garbage. It involves a process of digging a hole (really of any size but generally quite large) and once the hole is full of trash it is then covered with soil or other materials such as wood chips or sand. They can also be used for other purposed such as a pile to sort trash into different categories (example trash vs recycling) or for temporary storage before the contents are moved to a more permanent location. 

The type of landfill is usually determined by its contents. Some landfills might be designated for chemical or industrial waste while other might be for nuclear, household, or toxic waste. The waste is typically compacted prior to dumping in the landfill as a means of adding both stability and increasing the amount of waste that can be put into a given landfill hole. 

Landfills tend to be the most common form of large-scale waste disposal since they are efficient (in that you can store a lot of material in a relatively small area through compaction) and allow for a degradation cycle of the garbage contained in the landfill. Certain material may be grouped together to allow bacteria, fungi, and other microbes to process and dissolve the waste contained within the landfill.

Some common issues associated with landfills are: groundwater contamination (particularly with landfills in areas with high rainfall), landfill gases (several types of gas form within landfills and they can be toxic to the surrounding land and air), carbon/methane emissions, spread of diseases (through rats, mice, and other wildlife that may travel to the landfill in search of food), loss of habitat (landfills require a lot of space), odor, noise, destabilization/soil liquefaction (since landfills are compacted trash, they can degrade and destabilize during earthquakes causing the soil to collapse, potentially creating sinkholes and contaminating groundwater).

Landfill regulation changes based on country/region/state. They are rich in materials and energy and are often harvested for those purposes. There are usually taxes and other municipal regulations that determine how much a landfill will cost to build and maintain as well as how they must be managed, contracted, operated, expanded, etc.